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Problem Solving Courts


This list of publications has been compiled in order to provide resources on best or promising practices for 5 types of problem-solving courts: drug courts (including juvenile and family drug courts), community courts, domestic violence courts, teen or youth courts, and mental health courts.  General information on problem-solving courts is also provided.  This list is not to be interpreted as an endorsement of any particular program or practice by the NCSC, but rather as a resource for the readers to examine and determine its usefulness for their own purposes.


Drug Courts             online resources                                print resources

Online Resources:

Supporting the Drug Court Process: What You Need To Know for Effective Decision-Making and Program Evaluation.  Bureau of Justice Assistance Monograph (February 2003).  Presents a functional overview of the drug court and the nature of the questions and answers that together form the foundation for sound decision-making for the court’s key activities. Provides advice on the selection and acquisition of computer systems for drug courts, as well as an overview of ongoing and pertinent issues associated with these systems.

Juvenile Drug Courts: Strategies in Practice.  Bureau of Justice Assistance (February 2003). Offers 16 strategies or recommendations for a juvenile drug court that are meant to be adapted and implemented to the unique characteristics of each court and the community it serves. These strategies create a framework for a juvenile drug court.

Fox, Aubrey and Greg Berman.  "Going to Scale: A Conversation About the Future of Drug Courts" Court Review (Fall 2002).  An analysis of drug court efforts to move into the mainstream of court operations across the country.

Goldkamp, John S., Michael D. White and Jennifer B. Robinson.  An Honest Chance: Perspectives on Drug Courts.  Crime and Justice Research Institute (April 2002).  This report presents findings from focus group discussions with participants in six American drug courts, designed to elicit participant views on the drug court program and various aspects of their drug court experiences.  Participant comments indicated that the drug courts visited were indeed successful and included recommendations to improve the effectiveness of drug court programs.

Turner, Susan et al.  National Evaluation of 14 Drug Courts.  National Institute of Justice (September 2001).  This evaluation revealed that these 14 drug court programs contained many of the crucial elements of effective programs but experienced varying degrees of success.  Information came from interviews with staff involved in the programs, observations, visits to drug treatment programs, reviews of the case files and other records, reviews of criminal justice records, and analyses of existing process and outcome evaluations.

Peyton, Elizabeth A. and Robert Gossweiler.  Treatment Services in Adult Drug Courts: Report on the 1999 National Drug Court Treatment Survey.  Bureau of Justice Assistance (2001). This report presents the findings and the implications of a 1999 survey to determine substance abuse treatment services and other treatment services currently used by adult drug courts.  It also identifies significant issues faced by adult drug courts in obtaining and delivering high-quality comprehensive treatment services and presents an overview of recommended treatment practices.

Juvenile Drug Court Programs.  JAIGB Bulletin (May 2001).  Describes key elements to juvenile drug court programs. 

Promising Practices and Strategies to Reduce Alcohol and Substance Abuse Among American Indians and Alaska Natives (2000) Nine case studies presenting three types of policy initiatives (including drug court) designed to reduce substance abuse: efforts that control the availability of drugs and alcohol within a tribal jurisdiction; educational and treatment efforts; and efforts that reduce the social and environmental factors that increase the risk of harm to the individual and the community. 

Gebelein, Richard S.  The Rebirth of Rehabilitation: Promise and Perils of Drug Courts.  National Institute of Justice Sentencing and Corrections Issues for the 21st Century, no. 6 (May 2000).

Marlowe, Douglas B.  Effective Use of Sanctions in Drug Courts: Lessons From Behavioral Research. National Drug Court Institute Review, vol. 2, no. 1. (1999): 11-29.

Harrell, Adelle and Alice Goodman.  Review of Specialized Family Drug Courts:  Key Issues Handling Child Abuse and Neglect Cases.  The Urban Institute (February 1999). 

Peters, Roger H. and Elizabeth Peyton.  Guideline for Drug Courts on Screening and Assessment. Bureau of Justice Assistance (1998).  Guidelines to help drug courts develop effective policies, procedures and techniques for screening and assessing treatment needs of drug court participants.

Drug Courts Program Office. Looking at a Decade of Drug Courts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Court Program Office (1998).  KF3885.5 .L66 1998

Cooper, Caroline S. and Shanie Bartlett.  Juvenile and Family Drug Courts: Profile of Program Characteristics and Implementation Issues.  Bureau of Justice Assistance (1998).  This report provides a synopsis of the "state of the art" of juvenile and family drug court activity, based on responses to a survey of juvenile and family drug courts that were operating as of January 1998.  Criteria for assessing program effectiveness are also discussed.

Defining Drug Courts: The Key Components. The Drug Courts Program Office, Office of Justice Programs, United States Department of Justice (January 1997).

Wilmington Drug Court Offers Juveniles Alternative to Prosecution Success with Substance Abuse Treatment Leads to Expansion of Program.  United States Conference of Mayors Best Practices Database (1996).

Further information on Drug Courts can be found in the NCSC Court Information Database. 

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Print Resources:

Feinblatt, John, Greg Berman and Aubrey Fox.  Institutionalizing Innovation: The New York Drug Court Story. "  Fordham Urban Law Journal, vol. 28. (2000): 277.  An analysis of New York's new statewide drug treatment initiative seeking full-scale reform of the courts.

Kimbrough, Robin J. “Treating Juvenile Substance Abuse: The Promise of Juvenile Drug Courts.” Juvenile Justice, 5:2 (1998): 11.

Koons, Judith E. Sanctions in Juvenile Drug Court: A Continuum of Knots and Lessons. Tallahassee: Supreme Court of Florida, Office of the State Courts Administrator (1996).  KFF596 .K66

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Community Courts            online resources                                print resources

Online Resources:

Feinblatt, John, Greg Berman, and Michelle Sviridnoff.  Neighborhood Justice: Lessons Learned from the Midtown Community Court.  Center for Court Innovation (2002). 

Goldenkamp, John.  Developing an Evaluation Plan for Community Courts: Assessing the Hartford Community Court Model.  Bureau of Justice Assistance (July 2001). This monograph assesses the Hartford Community Court model for developing an evaluation plan for community courts.

Sviridnoff, Michelle, David Rottman, and Rob Weidner.  Dispensing Justice Locally: The Impacts, Cost and Benefit of the Midtown Community Court.  Harwood Publishers (2000).

Lee, Eric.  Community Courts: An Evolving Model.  Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice (October 2000).  Profiles of community courts around the country.

Overcoming Obstacles to Community Courts: A Summary of Workshop Proceedings.  Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice (November 1998).  Representatives of eight cities discuss how they have adapted the community court model to their neighborhoods' unique needs.

For further information on community courts as well as court and community collaboration see: NCSC’s Response to State Court Interest in Court and Community Collaboration.  National Center for State Courts, Research Services (2002).  These web pages provide links to numerous publications such as:

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Print Resources:

Wolf, Robert Victor.  "New Strategies for an Old Profession: A Court and a Community Combat a Streetwalking Epidemic."  The Justice System Journal, vol. 22, No. 3 (2001).  An overview of successful approaches taken by the Midtown Community Court to combat street prostitution.

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Domestic Violence Courts           online resources                                print resources

Online Resources:

Sack, Emily.  Creating a Domestic Violence Court: Guidelines and Best Practices.  Family Violence Prevention Fund (May 2002).

Mazur, Robyn and Liberty Aldrich. What Makes a Domestic Violence Court Work—Key Principles.  Center for Court Innovation Think Piece (2002).

Fritzler, Randal B. and Leonore M.J. Walker. “Creating a Domestic Violence Court: Combat in the Trenches.” Court Review (Spring 2000).

Process Evaluation of the Jefferson County Domestic Violence Unit.  Institute for Law and Justice (August 1999).

Further information on domestic violence courts can be found in the NCSC Court Information Database. See especially the Family Violence Resource Guide.

Print Resources:

Newmark, Lisa, Mike Rempel, Kelly Diffily, and Kamala Mallik Kane.  Specialized Felony Domestic Violence Courts: Lessons on Implementation and Impacts from the Kings County Experience.  Washington, DC: Urban Institute (October 2001).

Tsai, B.  The Trend Toward Specialized Domestic Violence Courts: Improvements on an Effective Intervention.” Fordham Law Review, vol. 68 (2000): 1297.

Levey, Lynn S., Martha Wade Steketee, and Susan Keilitz. Lessons Learned in Implementing an Integrated Domestic Violence Court: The District of Columbia Experience. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts (July 30, 2000).  KFD 1767 F35 L48

“Quincy Court: Mixed Results from a Model Court.” Domestic Violence Prevention (July 1999): 4.

Paisner, Susan R. “A Court Grows in Brooklyn: Dedicated Domestic Violence Court Serves as National Model.” Domestic Violence Prevention, vol. 5, no. 9 (September 1999).

Buzawa, Eve, Gerald Hotalig, and Andrew Klein. “The Response to Domestic Violence in a Model Court: Some Initial Findings and Implications.” Behavioral Sciences and the Law, vol. 16 (1998): 185.

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Teen or Youth Courts       online resources

Online Resources:

Butts, Jeffrey A., Janeen Buck, and Mark B. Coggeshall.  The Impact of Teen Courts on Young Offenders.  The Urban Institute (April 2002)

Anderson, David C. Kids, Courts and Communities: Lessons from the Red Hook Youth Court.  Center for Court Innovation.  Center for Court Innovation (1999).  A comprehensive look at a youth court in Brooklyn, including program structure, lessons learned, challenges and snapshots of real court cases.

Tools to Evaluate and Manage Youth Courts.  TYC NYS Forum for Information Resource Management.  Seventh Annual 2001- 2002 Best Practices Award Winner.

Herman, Madelynn.  Teen Courts: A Juvenile Justice Diversion Program.” Report on Trends in the State Courts, 2002 Edition.  National Center for State Courts (December 2002). 

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Mental Health Courts        online resources                                print resources

Online Resources:

Goldkamp, John S. and Cheryl Irons-Guynn. “Emerging Judicial Strategies for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Caseload: Mental Health Courts in Fort Lauderdale, Seattle, San Bernardino and Anchorage,” Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs (April 2000).  KF 3828 E44

Trupin, Eric, Henry Richards, David M. Wertheimer, and Carole Brushi.  Seattle Municipal Court Mental Health Court: Evaluation Report.  City of Seattle.  (September 5, 2001)

The Role of Mental Health Courts in System Reform.  Brazelon Center for Mental Health Law.

For further information on mental health courts, see the Mental Health Resource Guide from the NCSC Court Information Database. 

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Print Resources:

“The Court Coordinated Resources Project—Mental Health Court in Alaska.” Alaska Justice Forum, vol. 18, no. 4 (Winter 2002).  This issue includes the following articles:  “Evaluating the Anchorage Mental Health Court,” “Alaska Therapeutic Court Projects,” and “Corrections and the Mentally Ill.”

Denckla, Derek and Greg Berman.  Rethinking the Revolving Door: A Look at Mental Illness in the Courts.  NY: Center for Court Innovation (2001).

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General Problem-Solving Courts           online resources                                print resources

Online Resources:

"Strategies for Court Collaboration With Service Communities" Bureau of Justice Assistance Program Brief (November 2002).  This brief describes a collaborative effort between treatment service providers and courts to address the underlying issues faced by individuals appearing in court. The brief reviews five service goals on which to build problem-solving programs and nine components of effective service coordination.

Problem Solving Courts: A Brief Primer.  Center for Court Innovation (2001).  The history of problem-solving courts is outlined along with a basic set of problem-solving principles.

Treatment Alternatives in the Criminal Court: A Process Evaluation of the Bronx County Drug Court.  Vera Institute of Justice (2001).  Reports on the implementation and evaluation of the Bronx Treatment Court in its first 18 months of operation.

For further information on problem-solving courts, see Specialized and Problem-Solving Courts in the NCSC Court Information Database.

Print Resources:

Casey, Pamela, Hillery Efkeman, Dawn Rubio, Anne E. Skove, and Jeanne Tyler. Report on National Status of Promising Practices in Problem Solving Courts.  Denver CO: National Center for State Courts (2002).   KF8759 .R47 2002 

"Problem-Solving Courts."  The Judges' Journal, vol. 41, no. 1 (Winter 2002). A special issue of The Judge's Journal.  Articles chronicle the development of problem-solving courts from various perspectives - judge, prosecutor and defense attorney.  Articles also include a profile of New York State Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye, an overview of the Red Hook (Brooklyn, N.Y.) Community Justice Center, a discussion of the applicability of the drug-court model to mental health courts and the proliferation nationwide of youth courts.

Feinblatt, John, Greg Berman and Derek Denckla. "Judicial Innovation at the Crossroads: A Look at Problem-Solving Courts."  The Court Manager, vol. 15, no. 3 (2000).

Date Last Modified: October 10, 2007

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