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Judicial Selection in the States.
A Web site sponsored by the American Judicature Society, which has compiled comprehensive information on judicial selection processes in each of the fifty states and the District of Columbia. Topics covered include methods of selecting, retaining, and removing of judges; successful and failed reform efforts; roles of parties, interest groups, and professional organizations in selecting judges; and the diversity of the bench.
Where Do Colorado Judges Come From?.
Colorado Bar Association.
Colorado Bar Association’s piece explaining the state’s merit selection plan as well as suggesting ways to improve the system.
Voter Opinion on the Election or Appointment of State Supreme Court Justices.
American Justice Partnership Foundation (July 2008).
This national survey shares voters' opinions about the merits of the arguments in favor of electing versus appointing state supreme court justices, as well as public campaign financing of such elections.
Caufield, Rachel Paine and Malia Reddick.
Judicial Selection: The Process of Choosing Judges.
ABA Coalition for Justice (June 2008).
This resource provides a history of judicial selection, discusses current selection methods and provides reasons for reform, along with ideas as to where and how reforms should begin.
2008 State Supreme Court Elections.
Judgepedia (2008).
With nearly 70 State Supreme Court seats up for retention or election, 2008 is proving to be an eventful year for the American judiciary. Specifically, twenty-one states will hold 39 contestable Supreme Court elections.
Choi, Stephen J., G. Mitu Gulati, and Eric A. Posner.
Professionals or Politicians: The Uncertain Empirical Case for an Elected Rather than Appointed Judiciary.
The Law School, The University of Chicago (August 2007).
This paper explores the differences between an elected and an appointed judiciary using measures of effort, skill and independence.
Aspin, Larry.
"Judicial Retention Election Trends: 1964-2006."
Judicature 90, no. 5: 208 (March 2007).
This article provides updates on four areas of interest concerning judicial retention: the affirmative vote, defeated judges, voter differentiation, and roll off. The states used in the study include Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska and Wyoming. The author found that voters continue to retain almost all judges.
Judicial Selection and Service (Tables 4-11).
State Court Organization 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006).
These tables set forth qualifications for appellate and trial court judges, selection methods and terms of service, ongoing judicial education requirements, and rules governing judicial discipline in the states.
Sample, James et al.
The New Politics of Judicial Elections 2006.
Justice at Stake Campaign, Washington, D.C. (2006).
How 2006 Was the Most Threatening Year Yet to the Fairness and Impartiality of Our Courts - and How Americans are Fighting Back. This report analyzes judicial election issues, such as television advertising, election spending and costs, interest group involvement, and reform efforts. (KF8775 S26 2007).
Judicial Democracy.
Lexington, KY, Council of State Government (October 2003).
This edition of TrendsAlert reviews the rising costs of judicial campaigns, interest group involvement in judicial campaigns and public confidence in the judicial system. The pros and cons of appointment, election and merit system selection of judges are weighed. Finally, the resource concludes with discussion about issues regarding campaign finance and conduct, voter awareness and judicial conduct on the bench.
Judiciary: Independence, Selection, Compensation, Tenure.
American Bar Association Office of Justice Initiatives, Summary Report on Justice Initiatives (May 1999).
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Forum on Judicial Selection and Campaign Finance Reform.
American Bar Association, Independence of the Judiciary Resources and Information (September 1999).
Provides audio links to speeches on judicial selection.
"Justice For Sale: An Investigation into How Campaign Cash is Corrupting America`s Courts."
PBS Boston, Frontline (1999).
Extensive website on judicial selection, including video, web links, quiz, and discussion board.
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Running for Public Office: A Plain English Handbook for Candidates.
Little Rock: Arkansas State Board of Election Commissioners, Office of Secretary of State, Arkansas Ethics Commission (2005).
Judicial Campaign Ethics Handbook.
New York: New York State Unified Court System, Office of Court Administration, Advisory Committee on Judicial Ethics (2003).
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Cerda, David A.
Judicial Selection: A Hispanic Perspective.
American Bar Association, Commission on Racial & Ethnic Diversity in the Profession, Goal IX 6, no. 2 (Spring 2000).
Jones, Sidney A., III.
Judicial Selection: An African-American Perspective.
American Bar Association, Commission on Racial & Ethnic Diversity in the Profession, Goal IX 6, no. 2 (Spring 2000).
Otaka, Sandra R.
Judicial Selection: An Asian American Perspective.
American Bar Association, Commission on Racial & Ethnic Diversity in the Profession, Goal IX 6, no. 2 (Spring 2000).
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Baran, Jan Witold.
Methods of Judicial Selection/Election.
U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform (June 2006).
This article reviews state selection methods for high courts, intermediate appellate courts, and trial courts of general jurisdiction, followed by an evaluation of the various methods of judicial selection. (KF8775 B37 2006).
Research on Judicial Selection 1999.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society, Hunter Center for Judicial Selection (2000).
(KF8776 .H86 1999)
Easterling, Kevin M. and Kathleen M. Sampson.
Judicial Retention Evaluation Programs in Four States: A Report with Recommendations.
Chicago: American Judicature Society (1998).
(KF8778 .E88 1998)
Garcia, Patricia A.
Judicial Selection: The Process of Choosing Judges.
Chicago: American Bar Association (1998).
(KF8776 .G37)
Sheldon, Charles H., and Linda S. Maule.
Choosing Justice: The Recruitment of State and Federal Judges.
Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press (1997).
(KF8776 .S5 1997)
Judicial Elections Handbook 1996, 4th ed.
San Francisco: California Judges Association, Judicial Elections Committee (1996).
(KFC980 .J83 1996)
Alliance for Justice Judicial Selection Project: Annual Report, 1993.
Washington, DC: Alliance for Justice (1993).
(KF8776 .A16 A4)
Bullock, Joyce, ed.
Cogel Blue Book: Campaign Finance, Ethics, Lobby Law and Judicial Conduct, 9th ed.
Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments (1993).
(KF4583 .C68)
Champagne, Anthony and Judith Haydel, eds.
Judicial Reform in the States.
Lanham, MD: University Press of America (1993).
(KF8785 .J83 1993)
Warrick, Lyle.
Judicial Selection in the United States: A Compendium of Provisions, 2nd ed.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society, Hunter Center for Judicial Selection (1993).
(KF8776 .Z95 B45 1993)
Hickok, Jr., Eugene W.
The Senate: Advice and Consent and Judicial Selection.
Washington, DC: National Legal Center for the Public Interest (1992).
(KF8776 .H53)
Pinello, Daniel Ray.
Does Judicial-Selection Method Make a Difference? A Comparative Analysis of Selection-Method Impact on Policy in American State Supreme Courts.
New Haven, CT: Yale University (1991).
(KF8776 .P56)
Mathias, Sara.
Electing Justice: A Handbook of Judicial Election Reforms.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society, Hunter Center for Judicial Selection (1990).
(KF8776 .Z95 M37 1990)
McFadden, Patrick M.
Electing Justice: The Law and Ethics of Judicial Election Campaigns.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society (1990).
(KF8776 .M3395 1990)
Abraham, Henry J. et al.
Judicial Selection: Merit, Ideology, and Politics.
Washington, DC: National Legal Center for the Public Interest (1990).
(KF8776 .J86 1990)
Kentucky Law Journal Symposium Issue: The Selection of Judges in the United States.
Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, College of Law (1989).
(KF8776 .A75 S96)
Report Relative to Judicial Selection in the United States.
Boston, MA: Massachusetts General Court Legislative Research Council (1986).
(KF8776 .M37)
Model Judicial Selection Provisions.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society (1985).
(KF8776 .M62 1985)
Henry, Jr., M. L., et al.
The Success of Women and Minorities in Achieving Judicial Office: The Selection Process.
New York, NY: Fund for Modern Courts (1985).
(KF8776 .S83 1985)
Greenstein, Marla N.
Handbook for Judicial Nominating Commissioners.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society (1984).
(KF8776 .G67)
Judicial Selection Governance Study.
Philadelphia, PA: Committee of Seventy (1983).
(KFP525.J8 1983)
Report of the Committee on Qualification Guidelines for Judicial Candidates.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society, Committee on Qualification Guidelines for Judicial Candidates (1983).
(KF8776 .A89 1983)
Judicial Retention Guidelines.
Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Bar Association (1981).
(KFP525.5 .N61 J8)
Whom Do Judges Represent?.
Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (1981).
(KF8776 .Z9 W47)
Dubois, Philip L.
From Ballot to Bench: Judicial Elections and the Quest for Accountability.
Austin, TX: University of Texas Press (1980).
(KF8785 .D8 1980)
Carbon, Susan B., and Larry C. Berkson.
Judicial Retention Elections in the United States.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society (1980).
(KF8776 .C37)
Berkson, Larry et al.
Judicial Selection in the United States: A Compendium of Provisions.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society, Hunter Center for Judicial Selection (1980).
(KF8776 .Z95 B45)
Chinn, Nancy, and Larry Berkson.
Literature on Judicial Selection.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society (1980).
(KF8776 .A1 C65)
Merit Selection of Judges: How is it Working?.
New York, NY: Conference on Merit Selection of Judges (1979).
(KF8776 .A75 C66)
Berkson, Larry C., and Alan P. Iovine.
U.S. Circuit Judge Nominating Commissioners` Handbook.
Chicago: American Judicature Society (1979).
(KF8776 .B47)
Philip, Cynthia Owen et al.
Where Do Judges Come From?.
New York, NY: Institute of Judicial Administration (1976).
(KF8776 .P45)
Conti, Samuel D.
Considerations in the Selection of a Chief Justice: Comments and Materials.
Boston, MA: National Center for State Courts, Northeastern Regional Office (1975).
(KF8776 .Z9 C64)
Escovitz, Sari S. et al.
Judicial Selection and Tenure.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society (1975).
(KF8776 .Z95 E8)
Spector, Robert M., ed.
The Selection and Discipline of Judges.
Worchester, MA: Center for the Study of Constitutional Government, Worcester State College (1975).
(KF8775 .A75 S4)
Ashman, Allan, and James J. Alfini.
The Key to Judicial Merit Selection: The Nominating Process.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society (1974).
(KF8776 .A9)
Extent of Adoption of the Merit Plan of Judicial Selection and Tenure.
Chicago, IL: American Judicature Society (1970).
(KF8776 .Z9 E9 1970)
Texts of Provisions for Merit Plans of Judicial Selection.
Chicago: American Judicature Society (1968).
(KF8776 .Z95 A45 1968)
Haynes, Evan.
The Selection and Tenure of Judges.
Newark, NJ: The National Conference of Judicial Councils (1944).
(KF8776 .H39 1944)
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