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Contingency Planning: COOP Self-Assessment Guide & Checklist.
9-11 Summit.
Provides a checklist that can be used to develop a contingency plan. Includes checklists for essential functions, authorities and delegations, alternative facilities, communications, program management, and testing exercises.
State Offices and Agencies of Emergency Management.
FEMA.
This Web site contains contact information of state emergency managers including e-mail addresses.
Strategy for Pandemic Influenza.
Florida State Courts, Unified Supreme Court /Branch Court Emergency Management Group (March 2006).
This resource outlines the strategic goals for emergency preparedness efforts in the Florida State Courts. The main goal is the courts must be kept open to ensure justice for the people.
Siegel, Lawrence et al.
Planning for Emergencies: Immediate Events and Their Aftermath: A Guide for Local Courts.
Washington, DC: American University, School of Public Affairs, Justice Programs Office (2005).
Final Report from the SJI Court Security and Disaster Preparedness Project. This report pinpoints common threads that run through literature and firsthand accounts of emergency situations in court systems. Common guidelines were created and presented as a blueprint to follow during court security incidents.
Emergency Management Guide for Business and Industry: A Step-by-Step Approach to Emergency Planning, Response and Recovery for Companies of All Sizes.
FEMA (October 2003).
This guide provides information on how to create and maintain an emergency-management program. It is intended to be used by any organization with a large number of employees.
Emergency Preparedness Initiative: Guide on the Special Needs of People with Disabilities for Emergency Managers, Planners, and Responders.
Washington, DC: National Organization on Disability (2002).
This guide highlights key disability concerns in emergency planning and provides guidelines for developing plans that will take into account the needs and insights of people with disabilities before, during, and after emergencies.
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National Sheriffs` Association Physical Security Checklist.
This form provides a checklist to assess the effectiveness of the lighting, barriers, and the interior and exterior security of the building. The Courthouse Security Audit highlights the Trial Court Performance Standards and Measurement System regarding safety, accessibility, and convenience.
Wisconsin Supreme Court Rule 70.39.
Orders each county to establish a court security and facilities committee and discusses the membership and duties of such a committee.
Court Security Survey Report.
American Judges Association (October 1999).
This report briefly outlines the results of a 1997 survey of the states regarding existing courthouse security equipment, procedures, statutory authority, committees, and resources.
Barton, Mary Ann.
"Can You Afford to Neglect Security at Your Courthouse? Guards, Metal Detectors, X-Ray Machines Considered Necessities Today."
County News Online 29, no. 8 (April 1997).
This article stresses the importance of court security and addresses several issues that prevent states from being able to equip their courthouses with the proper security procedures.
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Incident Report Form Closure or Interruption of Court Operations Due to Bomb Threat or Other Threat.
This form is from the Michigan courts.
Office of Court Security.
This site provides lists of training opportunities and of available court security equipment, as well as examples of incident reports and survey samples.
Security Incident/Criminal Report Form.
This is a standard court-incident report for the West Virginia Court of Appeals, which includes date, time, location, victim, and potential suspects.
Threat/Security Incident Report.
This form is from the Wisconsin courts.
Court Security Incident Reporting Form.
(1993).
Provides an example of an incident-reporting form.
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Taking Precautions: 101 Personal Safety Tips for Judges and Court Staff.
Sheriff`s Department, Johnson County, Kansas and the National Center for State Courts.
This compilation of safety tips for judges includes recommendations for safety in the home, while commuting, at the courthouse, in chambers, and in the public media.
O`Neil, Jim.
Home Security Audit and Recommendations.
Court Consulting Services, National Center for State Courts (February 2009).
This resource provides recommendations for judges to audit their home security, including the perimeter and interior of homes, condominiums or apartments. Recommendations are also included for mail security, family security, and travel security.
Bell, Robert M.
Improving the Security of Our State Courts.
On behalf of the Conference of Chief Justices (CCJ) and Conference of State Court Administrators (COSCA) (May 2007).
Written testimony submitted to the U.S. House of Representatives' Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security. It addresses security issues within the state courts, including recent incidents, threats against judges, funding challenges, and courthouse terrorism.
DeFrances, Carol J.
"Prosecutors in State Courts, 2005."
Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (June 2006).
Presents findings from the 2005 National Survey of Prosecutors, the latest in a series of data collections about the Nation's 2,300 State court prosecutors’ offices that tried felony cases in State courts of general jurisdiction. This study provides information on the number of staff, annual budget, and felony cases closed for each office.
Leahy, Patrick and Judge Joan Lefkow.
Judge Testifies On Family Slayings To Promote Court Security.
(May 2005).
Senator Patrick Leahy and Judge Joan Lefkow’s testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding her family’s murders.
Kelson, Stephen.
"An Increasingly Violent Profession."
Utah State Bar Journal 14, no. 8 (March 2001).
This article stresses the importance of court security and provides examples as to why threats to security can occur in any court at any time if the proper precautions are not made.
Calhoun, Frederick S., and Stephen W. Weston.
"Defusing the Risk to Judicial Officials: The Contemporary Threat Management Process."
Alexandria, VA: National Sheriffs` Association (2001).
Report uses personal stories of violence in courts to provide reasons for courts to implement contemporary threat-management programs. Explains the contemporary threat-management process, ways of implementing the process in most courts, and other options to improve court security.
Weiner, Neil Alan et al.
"Safe and Secure: Protecting Judicial Officials."
Court Review 36, no. 4: 26 (Winter 2000).
This article addresses personal attacks against a particular judge, as well as symbolic attacks against the judiciary taken out on a random judge. The reasons for heightened court security are listed and improvements are suggested for protecting the judiciary.
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ADA Weapons Screening Policy.
Superior Court of California.
This policy sets guidelines for interacting with persons with disabilities who enter a weapons-screening station at the Alameda County Courthouse.
Security Screening Starts at Dakota County Courthouse in August.
Dakota County, Minnesota (July 2005).
New policy in the Dakota County Judicial Center in Hastings involves screening all courthouse visitors, including attorneys who are not court staff, to step through the metal detector and have carry-in items screened via X-ray.
Hainey, Kari.
"Guns, Courts, and Civil Liberties."
Bench & Bar of Minnesota 60, no. 6 (July 2003).
According to this article, 36 counties in Minnesota banned guns in courtrooms, and a supreme court order (June 2, 2003) prohibits guns from the court of last resort and court of appeals.
Courtroom Safety.
Washington Court Rules: Local Rules 91 (2003).
This declaration bans certain devices, such as firearms and tasers, from the fifth floor of the Chelan County Regional Law and Justice Center, Juvenile Justice Center.
Joint Administrative Order No. 2001-01J.
Michigan State Court Administrator`s Office (March 2001).
This report proclaims that all who enter the designated court areas are subject to search and all persons are prohibited from entering the facilities with weapons, such as firearms, explosives, knives, etc.
Administrative Order No. 1-01-B-3 in re Courthouse Security.
Circuit Court of the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit (October 1997).
This order defines who is and is not permitted to bring a firearm into the courthouse. The order outlines the reasons as to why strict control of firearms is necessary for the security of the courts and the public.
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1999 Final Report: Courthouse Security.
Superior Court of California, County of San Mateo.
The Building Security Committee intended to create a security system for Northern Court Branch courtrooms similar to the one in the Hall of Justice of the Superior Court of California. The committee recommended that all courts in the Northern Court Branch be consolidated into one building to further develop court security initiatives.
Court Security Audit Checklist.
Lansing, MI: State Court Administrative Office.
This form provides step-by-step guidelines for assessing security-incident preparedness in a courthouse.
Court Security Overview.
Lansing, MI: State Court Administrative Office.
This document is an aid for collecting the information from courts that is needed to perform a court security audit.
Wisconsin Courthouse Security Resource Center.
The Wisconsin Sheriff’s and Deputy Sheriff’s Association, U.S. Marshal’s Office of the Western District of Wisconsin, Director of State Courts, Office of the Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, Fox Valley Technical College, 2000. This link includes chapter 7 from Wisconsin’s Courthouse Security Manual, which addresses creating contingency safety and security plans.
Washington State Courthouse Public Safety Standards 2009.
Court Security Committee, Board for Judicial Administration (2009).
This state report discusses recommended standards for courthouse security in Washington State's courts.
Critical Issues: Planning Priorities for the Wisconsin Court System: Fiscal Years 2006-2007 and 2007-2008.
(February 2006).
See pp. 6-10 for courthouse security recommendations, timeline for completion of recommendations, and a general history of the courthouse security systems in place before the assessment of this committee.
Report of New Hampshire Supreme Court Committee on Court Security.
(October 2005).
The New Hampshire Supreme Court Committee on Court Security reviewed the existing security systems in New Hampshire courthouses and provided recommendations for improvement. The appendix includes text of a bill that would make it a class A felony to threaten or harm certain public officials, and provide for prosecution by the state attorney general.
Report to the Chief Judge and Chief Administrative Judge.
(October 2005).
This report focuses on the current state of security in New York State Court System and provides recommendations for future improvements in court security. The appendix provides copies of policies, manuals, forms, and training used in the New York Unified Court System.
Iowa Bar Association Task Force on Courthouse Security Final Report.
Des Moines: Iowa Bar Association (2005).
The report provides the final report of the Iowa Bar Association Task Force on Courthouse Security, recommendations for improved court security, and a summary of findings in the 2005 County Courthouse Security surveys.
Recommendations on Trial Court Security Funding Standards and Methodology.
San Francisco: Judicial Council of California, Administrative Office of the Courts (2005).
A working group created by the Judicial Council of California created uniform standards and guidelines that may be used in the provision of trial-court-security services.
Preparing for the Unthinkable: A Report to the Arizona Judicial Council.
Office of Court Security and Emergency Preparedness, Arizona Supreme Court (December 2003).
This report provides recommendations by the Committee on Courthouse Security and Emergency Preparedness, which include establishing a Supreme Court Administrative Order to mandate the development of court emergency preparedness, creating a Critical Incident Response Team for each court, and creating a multi-agency emergency-planning committee for each court. (KF8733.7 .P74 2003)
Facility Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan.
(March 2003).
A template for each court to prepare a response plan in the event of an emergency.
Keep the Courts Open.
(March 2002).
A statewide resource for courts to plan responses to emergencies. See p. 62 for a continuity-of-operations plan (COOP) template for local courts.
Court Security Standards.
Lansing, MI: State Court Administrative Office (2002).
This report provides the Michigan court security guidelines.
Recommendations of the Kentucky Task Force on Court Security.
(November 2001).
This report provides recommendations for improvements in court security by evaluating the security effectiveness of many positions in the courts, such as bailiffs, judges, etc., as well as providing general guidelines for improvements in the security of Kentucky courts.
Facility Standards: The Michigan Courthouse.
Michigan Supreme Court, Court Facilities Standards Project (December 2000).
See Section 2.6 on Security. This report provides Michigan’s court security standards, a checklist to help courts assess their preparedness for breaches in court security, and training materials for the courts.
Drennan, James.
"Responsibility for the Security of North Carolina`s Courts."
Popular Government: 10 (Summer 1999).
Describes governmental, court, judicial, county, and sheriff responsibility for security; equipment; facilities; personnel; and provides caselaw addressing individual rights.
Court Security Manual.
St. Paul, MN: Conference of Chief Judges (1999).
See security checklist beginning on p. 2-3-1. This site provides a checklist for assessing the status of courthouse security regarding lighting, barriers, parking areas, landscaping, and the exterior/interior of the building.
Seigel, Lawrence.
Strategic Plan for Court Security.
Santa Fe: Administrative Office of the Court, Supreme Court of New Mexico (1999).
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of security issues in the courts of New Mexico and illustrates ways in which the courts can successfully implement the suggested safety guidelines.
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9-11 Summit.
This summit was held in September 2002 for justice system leadership facing terrorism and other catastrophic events. This Web site provides links to the materials used throughout the conference’s sessions.
Homeland Security Contact List.
This site provides each state’s homeland security contact.
Security of the Mail.
United States Postal Service.
This site provides guidelines for safety procedures through the USPS Emergency Preparedness Plan, an archive of news releases regarding mail security since 2001, and regulations for aviation mail and hazardous materials.
Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological or Radiological Attacks.
Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (May 2002).
This document is a resource for executives, managers, and policymakers. It provides information regarding securing critical justice information systems and is a resource of ideas and best practices to consider in building an agency’s information infrastructure.
Bomb Threat.
(2002).
This form provides guidelines for responding to security and safety threats, including ways to keep the individual making the threat calm, the people potentially in danger safe, and the proper respondents informed of the current characteristics of the bomb and chemical/biological item.
Chemical/Biological Threat.
(2002).
This form provides guidelines for responding to security and safety threats, including ways to keep the individual making the threat calm, the people potentially in danger safe, and the proper respondents informed of the current characteristics of the bomb and chemical/biological item.
Fein, Robert A., and Bryan Vossekuil.
"Assassination in the United States: An Operational Study of Recent Assassins, Attackers, and Near Lethal Approaches."
Journal of Forensic Sciences 44, no. 2: 321 (March 1999).
This study is an operational exploration of the thinking and behavior of 83 people who either attacked or prepared to attack a prominent public official in the United States.
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The United States Marshals Service, Judicial Security Division.
The Judicial Security Division of the United States Marshals Services provides a variety of programs to anticipate and increase the security of the federal judiciary, including threat assessment, funding and education programs.
United States Secret Service National Threat Assessment Center.
This site provides links to the NTAC’s publications, which deal with threat assessments and targeted violence in schools. NTAC provides programs involving prevention of targeted violence and insider threat collaborators.
Calhoun, Frederick S., and Stephen W. Weston.
"Protecting Judicial Officials: Implementing an Effective Threat Management Process."
BJA Bulletin (June 2006).
Suggests "10 Golden Rules for Effective Threat Management." Cites statistics from a Pennsylvania study and from the U.S. Marshalls, who provide security for federal courts. Notes that in the past 35 years 8 state or local judges have been killed; 13 state or local judges have been physically assaulted; 3 local prosecutors have been killed; 4 local prosecutors have been assaulted; at least 5 law enforcement officers have been killed at local courthouses; 27 law enforcement officers have been assaulted at local courthouses; 42 court participants have been killed at local courthouses; and 53 court participants have been assaulted at local courthouses. Solutions to courthouse violence include communication; appropriate case management; and using consistent and valid threat assessment methods.
Review of the United States Marshals Service Judicial Security Process.
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General (March 2004).
This report provides the findings of USMS initiatives to increase security in the judiciary. The report addresses current threat assessments and plans for future security programs.
Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies Report.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security: Office for Domestic Preparedness (July 2003).
The Department of Homeland Security Office for Domestic Preparedness identified a need to examine and classify various types of vulnerability assessment methodologies, software, and tools that could be used by state and local governments to assess the risk associated with various assets within their areas of responsibility.
Vossekuil, Bryan et al.
Preventing Targeted Violence Against Judicial Officials and Courts.
United States Secret Service (2002).
The report begins with findings from operational research on assassinations and attacks against public officials, then provides a review of the threat-assessment approach and concludes with a discussion of research recommendations to better understand and prevent targeted violence in the judiciary.
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Correctional Management Institute of Texas.
This organization offers a variety of training programs for individuals serving adult and juvenile institutional and community corrections agencies.
Incident Command Simulation Training Program for High Consequence Events .
Developed and housed by the Law Enforcement Mananagement Institute, this program provides participants the opportunity to simulate real-time crises as the basis for security programs based on the Incident Command System adopted by NIMS and endorsed by the Homeland Security Presidential Directive.
Records Management Training.
The National Archives.
This guide provides recommendations for economical and effective records management.
Volume 1: Overview and Exercise Program Management.
(February 2007).
This reference manual delivers an exercise program that helps address identified planning, training, and equipment needs and provides homeland security professionals with the tools to plan, conduct, and evaluate exercises to improve overall preparedness.
Volume 2: Exercise Planning and Conduct.
(February 2007).
This reference manual delivers an exercise program that helps address identified planning, training, and equipment needs and provides homeland security professionals with the tools to plan, conduct, and evaluate exercises to improve overall preparedness.
Baehler, Aimee, and Douglas Somerlot.
Developing and Evaluating Courthouse Security and Disaster Preparedness .
Denver, CO: Justice Management Institute (2005).
: A Collaborative Process Between State and Federal Courts: With Curriculum Materials
Applying Security Practices to Justice Information Sharing.
Office of Justice Programs (March 2004).
This document is intended to educate justice executives and managers on basic security practices, which can be quickly applied within their organizations. The recommendations presented to further court security revolve around a community of electronic trust between different facilities.
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National Sheriffs` Association.
This site provides information from the Court Officers’ and Deputies Association, which provides educational training, programs, and a newsletter for those working in court security, prisoner transportation, and civil process.
"Court Security and the Transportation of Prisoners."
NIJ Research Preview (June 1997).
This report provides guidelines to improve the safety of prisoner transportation.
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Workplace Violence: Issues in Response.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation (2002).
The FBI’s National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime examines issues in prevention, threat assessment and management, and crisis management, as well as critical-incident response, research, and legislation related to law enforcement.
"Violence in the Workplace: Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies.."
Current Intelligence Bulletin 57 (July 1996).
This document reviews current knowledge of fatal and nonfatal violence in the workplace. It also summarizes issues to be addressed when dealing with workplace violence in settings such as offices, factories, warehouses, hospitals, convenience stores, and taxicabs.
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Court Security Resource Guide: A Practical Guide to the Practices, Procedures and Resources Available for Those Providing Court Security.
National Sheriff`s Association Court Officers` & Deputies` Association. (2008).
Chapters cover issues regarding Court Security, Security Planning and Procedures, Physical Security, Equipment, and Personnel and Training. KF8733.7 .C68 2008
National Summit on Court Safety and Security.
(April 2005).
This participant guide includes a comprehensive bibliography that provides resources specific to operational and facility security planning, courthouse design, emergency preparedness, disaster recovery, business continuity and identifying and addressing threats. The guide also provides standards for courtroom safety and security. (KF8733.7 A75 N385 2005)
Court Security Guide.
Williamsburg, VA: National Association for Court Management (2005).
This guide updates the National Association for Court Management’s 1995 Court Security Guide. It provides innovations that have occurred in the last ten years, new technological approaches to security, and a blueprint for the future of court security, which can apply to courthouses across the country. (KF8733.7 .Z9 C68 2005) Note: May be ordered from NACM.
Jones, Tony L.
Court Security: A Guide to Post 9-11 Environments.
Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Ltd. (2003).
This book provides an overview of the types of threats affecting courts post-September 11, 2001. The author explains types of perpetrators, describes typical areas where court security is weak, and presents practical threat responses and prevention program ideas. (NA4471 .J66 2003)
Final Report for the Ohio Court Security Project: Report to the Ohio General Assembly.
Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts (2003).
This report provides an overview of the Ohio Court Training Program and provides guidelines and recommendations for strengthening court security in Ohio. (F492 .F56 2003)
Griebel, Michael and Todd S. Phillips.
"Architectural Design for Security in Courthouse Facilities."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 118 (July 2001).
Written by two architects, this article discusses the physical security of the court building. Some of the architectural features examined include site perimeters, security technologies, building design, the court’s physical location, and its internal specialization and layout. (H1 A4 v.576)
Geiger, Fred A.
"Courthouse Violence: The View from the Bench."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 102 (July 2001).
Written by a judge on the Illinois Appellate Court Second District, the author explains the tenuous balance between having enough security and having too much security to prevent acts of violence against judges, court officials, and the public. (H1 A4 v.576)
Faust, Thomas and Michael Raffo.
"Local Trial Court Response to Courthouse Safety."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 91 (July 2001).
The authors explain steps and preventive measures local police offices and court security personnel can adopt without regards to their available resources. (H1 A4 v.576)
Hardenbergh, Don and Neil Alan Weiner.
"Preface."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 8 (July 2001).
The preface identifies several acts of judicial violence around the country. It presents an overview of the security challenges facing the courts, including a lack of statistical data. (H1 A4 v.576)
Vossekuil, Bryan et al.
"Preventing Targeted Violence Against Judicial Officials and Courts."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 78 (July 2001).
In this article, the need for a systematic approach to prevent acts of violence against the judiciary is discussed. The authors investigate operational research on violent events and the utility of a threat assessment approach. (H1 A4 v.576)
Greacen, John M. and Robert J. Klein.
"Statewide Planning for Court Security."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 109 (July 2001).
The authors describe a 1998 study on court security conducted by the New Mexico Administrative Office of the Courts. The study reviewed 90 facilities at the appellate, general, and limited jurisdiction levels. (H1 A4 v.576)
Jenkins, Debra M.
"The U.S. Marshals Service`s Threat Analysis Program for the Protection of the Federal Judiciary."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 69 (July 2001).
The author explains the review process that the U.S. Marshal Service conducts for inappropriate communications and contacts (IC&Cs) directed at judicial officials. (H1 A4 v.576)
Weiner, Neil Alan and Don Hardenbergh.
"Understanding and Controlling Violence Against the Judiciary and Judicial Officials."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 23 (July 2001).
This article investigates the advantages and disadvantages of different perspectives when analyzing judicial violence. (H1 A4 v.576)
Warren, Roger.
"Violence in the Judicial Workplace."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 19 (July 2001).
This article is the transcribed comments from the March 7, 2000 symposium “Violence in the Judicial Workplace”. The comments describe judicial violence and its implications on judicial independence. (H1 A4 v.576)
Harris, Donald J. et al.
"Violence in the Judicial Workplace: One State`s Experience."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 38 (July 2001).
The authors report on the 1999 survey on judicial violence conducted by the Administrative Office of the Pennsylvania Courts. The article discusses the statistical findings from the survey and includes interviews from state judges regarding judicial violence. (H1 A4 v.576)
Calhoun, Frederick S.
"Violence Toward Judicial Officials."
The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science: 54 (July 2001).
This article explores the differences between threats of violence directed at judges versus those directed at public officials in general. (H1 A4 v.576)
Flango, Victor E., and Don Hardenbergh.
Courthouse Violence: Protecting the Judicial Workplace.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications (2001).
This book provides an overview of the types of violence that are threatening court security across the nation and provides examples as to which types of courts are at risk, as well as what can be done to prevent such events. The authors highlight statewide planning, courthouse architecture, and measures specific to trial courts as possible ways to approach court security. (H1 .A4 v. 576)
Gray, Cynthia.
"Security Ideas for Judges, Spouses, and Families."
Ethics Guide for Judges and Their Families (2001).
Explores code of judicial conduct restrictions that affect a judge as a member of a family and the judge’s family members. Lists examples of permitted and prohibited conduct such as misuse of office, hiring of family members, and political activity, and provides suggestions on issues such as stress and security. (KF8779 .G725)
Wong, F. Michael, ed.
Judicial Administration and Space Management: A Guide for Architects, Court Administrators, and Planners.
Gainesville: University Press of Florida (2000).
This work combines information from the fields of judicial administration and architecture and provides information regarding the planning, programming, and design of courthouses. The author suggests more-efficient and cost-effective strategies that call for collaborative efforts between the judiciary and the legislative and executive branches of government. (NA4471 .J83)
North Carolina Court Security Guidelines.
Raleigh, NC: Administrative Office of the Courts, Governor`s Crime Commission (September 1998).
This guide is intended to help county and court officials identify and implement security measures through the proposed security guidelines created by the Court Security Advisory Committee. (NA4472 .N8 N67 1998)
McMahon, James L. et al.
Court Security: A Manual of Guidelines and Procedures.
Washington, DC: National Sheriffs` Association (April 1978).
The National Sheriffs' Association (NSA) undertook a year-long study of court security problems and solutions. Although dated, their report provides an extremely thorough snapshot of practices and procedures at the time, including areas of authority for court security in large jurisdictions; estimated costs and cost comparisons; courthouse design; and training. The NSA surveyed 22 different locations of varying incident level, geographical spread, and jurisdiction size, interviewing law enforcement, judges, prosecutors, and court administrators. This information has not been updated in such a comprehensive fashion since. (NA4471 M35)
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